AEROMODELLING

TABLE OF CONTENT

• INTRODUCTION TO AEROMODELLING

• TYPES OF AEROMODELLING

• AIRPLANE AND PARTS OF AIRPLANE

• PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

• HOW DOES AIRPLANE FLY

INTRODUCTION TO AEROMODELLING

Aeromodelling is an art of making model air-crafts. It involves design, construction and flying of model air-crafts. It is the subject of great interest around the world which electrifies every individual, irrespective of their ages and inspires to discover more. In present day, Aeromodelling is more than a hobby, it provides successful career to enthusiasts as a pilot, aircraft designer or aircraft maintenance technician and so on.Building a model aircraft gives a great sense of achievement, confidence and self esteem among people, especially children.

HISTORY

INDIAN MTYHOLOGY According to modern science, the Wright Brothers invented the airplane, Indian scientists, and critics have a different opinion on this and point out that aircraft was extensively used during Ramayana and Mahabharata time indicating that the aeronautics was much-developed branch by that time in India.This clearly indicates that the aircraft was developed much before the modern era.

Maharshi Bharadwaja was one of the greatest Hindu sages whose accomplishments are detailed in Puranas. Maharshi Bharadwaja through Vimanashastra discovered and wrote about how airplanes vanished and traveled from one planet to another, According to Indian scriptures, Maharshi Bharadwaja is considered to be inventor of the airplane. Airplanes existed in India 7000 years ago and they traveled not just from one country to another and one continent to another but also between different planets.Ancient aviation of Indians, as described by Maharshi Bharadwaja, was more advanced than modern technology.The knowledge of aeronautics described in Sanskrit in 100 sections, 8 chapters, 500 principles, and 3000 verses including formulae in detail. In modern day, only 100 principles are available. Bharadwaja who authored the book VimanaSamhita has written about various types of metal alloys used to build an aeroplane. He also spoke of the huge aeroplanes which flew in ancient India. The basic structure was of 60 by 60 feet, in some cases over 200 feet and had 40 small.they were jumbo planes. The ancient Indian radar system was called "Roopakanrahasya". In this system, the shape of the aeroplane was presented to the observer, instead of the mere blimp, it is seen on modern radar systems.

HISTORY

Late in 1400's, Leonard Da Vinci drew designs for various flying machines, including ornithopter and the helicopter. His works, however, were quite secret and did not influence the development of these aircraft, as the drawings remained unpublished until late in nineteenth century. His notebooks contained some 150 sketches of flying machines which might have advanced the course of aviation history, had it been known.  The first successful-man carrying free flight occurred over Paris in 1783. Carrying two French men, the Montgolfier Brothers' balloon traveled more than 5 miles across the city in some 25 minutes. Soon after this flight, balloons and ballooning became a craze that spread throughout the civilized world. This excitement soon led to experiments with the heavier-than-air flying machines. In the early 1800's, Sir George Cayley of England discovered the principles which form the foundation for modern aeronautics. His work with model airplanes and full-scale aeroplanes replaced the flapping wings of the ornithopter with a fused wing glider. These aeroplanes introduced the forces of lift, thrust, and drag uncovering the importance of control surfaces and stabilizers that are essential to today's aircraft. In 1857, Felix Du Temple patented his design for the first airplane device that rose into the air under its own power(hot air). The design had been tested successfully with a scale model. His design included a tractor propeller, swept-forward wing, and tail, and retractable landing gear. In 1870, Alphonse Penaud began experimenting with model aeroplanes powered by twisted rubber bands. His model "planophones" had raised a wing tips and a negatively positioned tailplane. Some even incorporated a vertical rudder which added stability. A few years later, Penaud proposed using a new method of instantaneous photography to record the actions of birds' wings in flight. Late in 1800's,Entienne-Jules Marey put Penaud's photography methods into practice. The resulting photographs allowed the man to study the birds' motions of flight in great detail. Later, Marey studied airflow by photographing the smoke displaced in a wind tunnel by different shapes. These studies eventually led to the development of airfoil designs to create better lift. By 1891,Otto Lilenthenthel had build and flown the first of several successful gliders. In 1896, Lilenthel flew the first hang glider himself, with movable wing tip, powered by a small carbonic acid gas motor. Lilenthel was the first person to study gliding flights scientifically, and is regarded as "the greatest pioneer" of late 1800's. His successful manned flights inspired a great deal of future glider pilots , including Wright Brothers.

WORLD'S FIRST AIRPLANE

frefeth

The Wright brothers achieved the first powered, sustained and controlled airplane flight on 17 December 1903. The  Wright brothers closely followed the research of Otto Lilienthal. When Lilienthal died in a glider crash, the brothers decided to start their own experiments with flight. Determined to develop their own successful design, Wilbur and Orville headed to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, known for its strong winds. Wilbur and Orville set to work trying to figure out how to design wings for flight. They observed that birds angled their wings for balance and control, and tried to emulate this, developing a concept called “wing warping.” When they added a moveable rudder, the Wright brothers found they had the magic formula-on December 17, 1903, they succeeded in flying the first free, controlled flight of a power-driven, heavier than air plane. Wilbur flew their plane for 59 seconds, at 852 feet, an extraordinary achievement.

TYPES OF AEROMODELS: Aeromodels are broadly classified into :

1. Static Models

2.Dynamic Models

STATIC MODELS:

Static Aeromodels are the ones which are made for display or shelf purposes. They do not fly.They are built using plastic, wood, metal, paper, fiberglass or any other suitable material. They range from mass-produced toys in white metal or plastic to highly accurate and detailed models produced for museum display and requiring thousands of hours of work.

DYNAMIC MODELS:

Dynamic Aeromodels are the ones which are made for flying. They are made from materials such as balsa wood, bamboo, plastic, styrofoam, carbon fiber, or fiberglass and are skinned with tissue paper or mylar covering. They range from simple small drones to very large ones, especially when used to research the flight properties of a proposed full scale design.

 Dynamic aeromodels are further divided into two types:  1. Powered Models                    2. Gliders

POWERED MODELS can be

1. Free Flight Models: This is the original form of hobby aeromodelling. They involve aircraft with no active external control after launch and fly without real-time control by the operator. The sole objective of the free-flight competition is flight duration. Free-flight aircraft fly much slower than the engine-powered radio-controlled aircraft that many people first think of when ‘model aircraft’ is mentioned.

2.Control line models: Unlike free flight models and rubber powered models, control line models enable the operator to have direct physical control over their models. The control lines are usually either stranded stainless steel cable or solid metal wires of anywhere from 0.008 in (0.20 mm) to 0.021 in (0.53 mm). Sewing thread or braided fishing line may be used instead of wires, but air resistance is greater. A third line is sometimes used to control the engine throttle, and more lines may be added to control other functions.

3. Radio Controlled-Airplane: A radio-controlled airplane is a machine controlled remotely by an operator on the ground using a hand-held radio transmitter. The transmitter communicates with a receiver within the craft that sends signals to servomechanisms (servos) which move the control surfaces based on the position of joysticks on the transmitter. The control surfaces, in turn, affect the orientation of the plane. Scientific, government and military organizations are also using RC aircraft for experiments, gathering weather readings, aerodynamic modeling and testing. Unmanned aerial vehicle (drones) or spy planes add video or autonomous capabilities, and may be armed.

4.Chuck Gliders: Chuck gliders are the easiest one to prepare. They are usually used to teach basic principles and theory of flight in practical ways. They are usually made of balsa wood. Time of flight of the aircraft depends on the type of the wood. AIRPLANE AND PARTS OF AIRPLANE

An Airplane is a machine for flight in the air by buoyancy or by the dynamic action of air on its surfaces. PARTS OF AIRPLANE

1. 1. Fuselage

2. 2. Tail

3. 3. Engine

4. 4. Fuel Tank

5. 5. Propeller

6. 6. Rudder

7. 7. Flaps

8. 8. Ailerons

9. 9. Elevator

Fuselage can be defined as the main body of a glider. It is cambered and in the middle portion, we attach the wing to the position where the chamber is maximum by either making a slot in the fuselage or by dividing into two parts and then attaching. If we are breaking the wing into two parts and then attaching.  If we are breaking the wing into two parts then we have an advantage that we can give the dihedral angle to the wing. The front part of the fuselage is called the nose. It is rounded in shape to avoid drag and ensure smooth flow.

A tail or a stabilator is attached at rear end of the glider. It is composed of two parts a horizontal stabilizer and a vertical stabilizer to provide stability and control to vertical up down movement of the nose. Flaps are additional hinged, rear sections to the wings used to increase the lift and drag of an aircraft wing at a given airspeed There are many different designs of flaps used, with the specific choice depending on the size, speed, and complexity of the aircraft on which they are to be used, as well as the era in which the aircraft was designed. Plain flaps, slotted flaps, and Fowler flaps are the most common. Krueger flaps are positioned on the leading edge of the wings and are used on many jet airliners. There may be different types of flaps in airplanes but all serve the purpose of either increasing the lift or drag depending on the need of the aircraft.

Wings are the type of fins that produce lift while moving through the air. When wings of an airplane are pulled through the air (by motor or propeller) they create lift. They may have various devices like ailerons, spoilers, vortex generators, wing fences folding wings etc. Ailerons are located on the ends of the wings on the straight edge.The purpose of the Ailerons is to roll the plane, which helps it turn. They are much smaller than the wind flaps. When the Aileron on wing side goes up, the other wing's Aileron goes down. The wing with the Aileron up tilts down, and the other Aileron which is down, makes the wing go up. It's just the opposite of the Aileron's position basically, it's a good way of remembering. Elevators are located on the edge of the horizontal part of the tail.The Elevator is like the Rudder except it makes the plane descend or rise. If the Elevators go down, the plane goes down, if they go up, the plane goes up.

The rudder is located at the end of the tail. It rotates to help the plane turn. When the rudder turns left, the plane goes left and if rudder turns right, the plane goes right. Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize aerodynamic drag. In typical aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics.

As the name indicates, Fuel tank holds the fuel supply in the aircraft.They are mainly classified into internal or external fuel tanks.

An aircraft engine is the component of the propulsion system for an aircraft that generates mechanical power. Aircraft engines are almost always either lightweight piston engines or gas turbines, except for small multicopter UAVs which are almost always electric aircraft. A Propeller lifts an airplane forward. 

HOW DOES AIRPLANE FLY?

• Weight pulls the plane downwards

• Lift pulls plane upward

• Thrust pulls plane upward

• Drag pulls the plane backward

Weight is the force produced by gravity pulling the plane towards the ground..The heavier the object is, the bigger the force is. If weight was only force acting on the plane, it would plummet but since a second force is acting on the plane to pull it upwards called force lift, plane stays up.

Lift is produced by the plane as it travels through air, mostly by the plane's wings. A plane's wings have a special shape called an airfoil, which forced air to flow over the top Drag is also produced by the plane traveling through the air. The opposing aerodynamic force for the thrust is the drag, or the friction that resists the motion of an object moving through a fluid (or immobile in a moving fluid, as occurs when you fly a kite). surface of the wing quicker than the bottom surface.The slow-moving air beneath the wing puts more  pressure on bottom of the wing than fast moving air on top, resulting a force that pulls plane up and balances weight.

Thrust, whether caused by a propeller or a jet engine, is the aerodynamic force that pushes or pulls the airplane forward through space.For flight to take place, thrust must be equal to or greater than the drag. If, for any reason, the amount of drag becomes larger than the amount of thrust, the plane will slow down. If the thrust is increased so that it's greater than the drag, the plane will speed up.

Drag is also produced by the plane traveling through the air. The opposing aerodynamic force for the thrust is the drag, or the friction that resists the motion of an object moving through a fluid (or immobile in a moving fluid, as occurs when you fly a kite).

THEORIES BEHIND THE FLIGHT

• Bernoulli's Principle

• Newton's Third Law of Motion

The Bernoulli's principle simply states that an increase in the flow of air results in a decrease of pressure. When the air hits the leading edge of the airfoil, the airflow above the wing travels faster than the flow below the wing. As the principle states, the pressure below the wing will be higher than the air pressure above the wing. Due to this difference in pressure lift is created. This lift pushes the wing above.  "For every motion, there is an equal and opposite reaction." Newton's third law in conjunction with bernoulli's law can be used to explain physics behind lift that allows an airplane to fly. Lift combined with drag, weight and thrust, provide the four forces which need to be controlled to allow the an airplane to maintain flight.

"For every motion, there is an equal and opposite reaction." Newton's third law in conjunction with bernoulli's law can be used to explain physics behind lift that allows an airplane to fly. Lift combined with drag, weight and thrust, provide the four forces which need to be controlled to allow the an airplane to maintain flight.